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Why NoSQL? — scale up vs. scale out
SQL classic: one strong server
MySQL
64 cores 1 TB RAM
bigger machine
✓ JOINs, ACID are easy ✗ hard limit, expensive, single point of failure
NoSQL: many cheap servers
node 1
node 2
node 3
node 4
node 5
node 6
add more
✓ nearly unlimited, survives node failures ✗ data is split → JOINs and transactions across nodes are hard (CAP!)
Aggregate models (document, key-value, wide-column) keep data that belongs together on ONE node — so no cross-node JOIN is needed. Graphs are the exception.